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Prog. Theor. Phys. Supplement No. 173 (2008) pp. 283-309

[ Full Text PDF : FREE ACCESS (538K) ]

The Mammalian Brain in the Electromagnetic Fields Designed by Man with Special Reference to Blood-Brain Barrier Function, Neuronal Damage and Possible Physical Mechanisms

Leif G. Salford,1,*$ Henrietta Nittby,1 Arne Brun,2 Gustav Grafström,3 Lars Malmgren,4 Marianne Sommarin,5 Jacob Eberhardt,3 Bengt Widegren6 and Bertil R. R. Persson3

1Department of Neurosurgery, Lund University, Sweden
2Neuropathology, Lund University, Sweden
3Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Sweden
4Applied Electronics, Lund University, Sweden
5Department of Plant Biochemistry, Lund University, Sweden
6Tumour Immunology, Lund University, Sweden

Abstract:

Life on earth was formed during billions of years, exposed to, and shaped by the original physical forces such as gravitation, cosmic irradiation, atmospheric electric fields and the terrestrial magnetism. The Schumann resonances at 7.4 Hz are an example of oscillations possibly important for life.1)
The existing organisms are created to function in harmony with these forces. However, in the late 19th century mankind introduced the use of electricity, in the early 20th century long-wave radio and in the 1940-ies short-wave radio. High frequency RF was introduced in the 50-ies as FM and television and during the very last decades, microwaves of the modern communication society spread around the world. Today, however, one third of the world's population is owner of the microwave-producing mobile phones and an even larger number is exposed to the cordless RF emitting systems. To what extent are all living organisms affected by these, almost everywhere present radio frequency fields? And what will be the effects of many years of continuing exposure?
Since 1988 our group has studied the effects upon the mammalian blood-brain barrier (BBB) in rats by non-thermal radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). These have been shown to cause significantly increased leakage of the rats' own blood albumin through the BBB of exposed rats, at energy levels of 1W/kg and below, as compared to non-exposed animals in a total series of about two thousand animals.2)-6) One remarkable observation is the fact that the lowest energy levels, with whole-body average power densities below 10mW/kg, give rise to the most pronounced albumin leakage. If mobile communication, even at extremely low energy levels, causes the users' own albumin to leak out through the BBB, also other unwanted and toxic molecules in the blood, may leak into the brain tissue and concentrate in and damage the neurons and glial cells of the brain.
In later studies we have shown that a 2-h exposure to GSM 915 MHz, at non-thermal SAR-values of 0.2, 2 and 200 mW/kg, gives rise to significant neuronal damage, seen not only 50 days after the exposure7) but also after 28 days but not after 14 days. Albumin extravasations and uptake into neurons was enhanced after 14 days, but not after 28.8)
In our continued research, also the non-thermal effects on tissue structure and memory function of long-term exposure for 13 months are studied.9) We have also performed micro-array analysis of brains from rats exposed to short term GSM both at 1,800 MHz and at 900MHz and have found significant effects upon gene expression of membrane associated genes as compared to control animals.10),11)
Most of our findings support that living organisms are affected by the non-thermal radio frequency fields. Some other studies agree while others find no effects.


URL : http://ptp.ipap.jp/link?PTPS/173/283/
DOI : 10.1143/PTPS.173.283


*Corresponding author. E-mail: Leif.Salford@med.lu.se

[ Full Text PDF : FREE ACCESS (538K) ] Citation:

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